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What is Noma (Cancrum oris)?

Noma, also known as cancrum oris or gangrenous stomatitis, is a severe and aggressive gangrenous process (a condition wherein body tissues die due to infection or lack of blood supply) that affects the mouth, nose, and lips. This fatal disease is particularly prevalent among children in sub-Saharan Africa, with an estimated frequency of 1 to 7 cases per 1,000 individuals.

Noma usually begins as an ulcer on the mucus membrane at the alveolar margin of the mouth and rapidly spreads into other parts of the mouth, including teeth, jawbone, cheek, tongue, lips, and nose. This eventually results in extensive necrosis and destruction of soft tissues and bones.

Pathogenesis of Noma:

The exact pathophysiology of noma is not completely understood. The disease mostly affects malnourished children living in underdeveloped tropical countries who have had systemic diseases, such as malaria, measles, primary herpes simplex, scarlet fever, tuberculosis, cancer, or enteritis. In other words, a combination of malnutrition, bacterial infection, and compromised immunity is considered to be the main reason behind the onset and progression of this devastating disease.

Signs and Symptoms:

The typical signs and symptoms of noma include swollen gums, swollen cheek lining, and ulcer formation. These ulcers spread rapidly and destroy oral and paraoral soft tissues and bones, causing deformity of the face and loss of teeth. The color of the oral cavity may also change into a greyish color.

In addition, the ulcer rapidly turns into edema with foul-smelling drainage, causing bad breath and skin odor. This also causes excessive saliva secretion from the mouth.

Diagnosis:

A physical examination is done initially to check for inflamed mucus membranes, oral cavity ulcers, and skin ulcers. This is followed by taking a detailed medical history of the patient.

X-ray, MRI, or CT scans of the jaw, head, and neck can also be done to check the extent and severity of the damage.

Bacterial culture analysis using oral swabs can be done to detect the causative species. In some special cases, biopsy of the oral tissue is also performed.

Blood tests are recommended to determine the immune system functioning.

Treatment:

The conditions associated with noma are often life-threatening, if not treated appropriately on time. Complications mainly include face deformity, discomfort, difficulty eating, drinking, and even speaking, and social isolation.

Administration of systemic antibiotics along with proper nutrition is considered to be the golden standard for managing noma. Supplementation with folic acid, iron, vitamin B complex, and ascorbic acid is also recommended in some cases. In addition, measures should be taken to avoid dehydration and maintain proper electrolyte balance.

 

Plastic surgery is necessary to reform facial bones and regain the function of mouth and jaw, in addition to removing damaged tissues.

(11/25/2020)
by Dr. Sanchari Sinha Dutta, Ph.D.

More Information: https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Noma-(Cancrum-Oris).aspx

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